Intervenciones psicológicas para mejorar la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral: Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Psychological interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumen El VIH es una enfermedad crónica que afecta a los receptores CD4 del sistema inmunológico. El Tratamiento Antirretroviral (TARV) es vital para disminuir la carga viral, pero su éxito depende del grado de adherencia al mismo. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar los factores asociados a la eficacia de las intervenciones psicológicas para incrementar la adherencia al TARV y agregar los hallazgos en estimaciones cuantitativas de su impacto en la adherencia. La revisión de la literatura fue realizada desde agosto de 2017 hasta abril de 2020 en PubMed, EBSCO y Springer Link, utilizando los siguientes criterios de elección de los estudios: (1) que estuvieran publicados en revistas indexadas con revisión por pares, (2) que fueran experimentales o cuasiexperimentales, (3) que emplearan técnicas para el incremento de la adherencia, (4) que estuvieran publicados en español o inglés, (5) que reportaran los estadísticos necesarios para el cálculo del tamaño de efecto. De los 15 estudios seleccionados (. total = 1669), se obtuvieron 38 tamaños del efecto. El cálculo de los tamaños de efecto individuales y global se realizó usando el programa Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Biostat, 2011, v. 2.2.064). Todos los tamaños de efecto fueron calculados usando la diferencia estandarizada de medias y un modelo de efectos aleatorios. El tamaño de efecto global fue moderado (. = 0.56, . = 38, IC95 % = 0.39 - 0.72, . < .001), mostrando que las intervenciones fueron significativamente superiores al grupo de comparación. Debido a la alta heterogeneidad de los estudios (I. = 82.25), se analizaron 12 variables moderadoras, de las cuales 11 fueron significativas (. < .005). Los resultados del análisis de variables moderadoras indican un mayor efecto en el incremento de la adherencia al TARV en intervenciones con marcos teóricos basados en el apoyo social por pares y con metodologías adaptables a la vivencia cotidiana de la persona.

Abstract HIV is a chronic disease that affects the CD4 receptors of the immune system, so it is necessary for people with the virus to be under Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) to reduce the viral load in the body. The success of ART is related to adherence to treatment, understood as: the intake of antiretroviral drugs, follow-up of medical controls and implementation of healthy lifestyles. There are personal, social and health systems problems that prevent people from adhering to ART in an adequate way. This situation has become a public health problem because inappropriate taking of drugs often leads to drug resistance. In this way, it is necessary to implement effective psychological interventions aimed at increasing adherence to ART, to contribute to a better use of antiretrovirals and to the improvement of the quality of life of people with HIV. Accordingly, the objective was to review the factors associated with the efficacy of psychological interventions, to increase adherence to ART and to aggregate the findings in quantitative estimates of its impact on adherence. For this purpose, meta-analysis was used as a research technique that allows a quantitative analysis of results by calculating specific statistics. The literature search and review were carried out from August 2017 to May 2019 in the PubMed, Academic Search Complete (EBSCO Host) and Springer Link databases, for the identification of experimental studies that met the eligibility criteria (studies published in peer-reviewed indexed journals, experimental or quasi-experimental research, using techniques to increase adherence, published in Spanish and English and reporting the necessary statistics for effect size calculation). Of the 15 studies (total n = 1669) selected, 38 effect sizes were obtained. The calculation of the individual and global effect size was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Biostat, 2011, v. 2.2.064). All the effect sizes were calculated using the standardized mean difference and a random effects model. To find out if individual effect sizes were homogeneous and therefore represent a similar measure of treatment efficacy, the Cochran Q homogeneity test was applied; based on this, the I. was calculated. Also, it was performed a publication bias calculation, the objective of which was to estimate the number of non-significant effect sizes that are required for a reduction of the global effect size to a smaller and non-significant one. The overall effect size was moderate (. = 0.56, . = 38, 95 % CI = 0.39 - 0.72, . < .001) and presented high heterogeneity (I. = 82.25). Twelve moderator variables were analyzed (year of publication, percentage of men, average age, measurement time, number of sessions / interactions, duration of sessions, total duration of intervention, economic remuneration for intervention, place where the intervention was carried out, type of intervention, intervention modality and adherence measurement), of which 11 were significant (all but intervention modality: individual vs. group therapy). The results suggest that the success of an intervention proposal to improve adherence to ART will be related to its ability to consider the components of the environment and the social situation in which the person with HIV develops, as well as their intrinsic characteristics in interaction with their context. Likewise, it is necessary to consider that the presence of adherence barriers should be treated specifically in young people and adults, as well as in men and women. Finally, it is more important to establish interventions aimed not only to increase adherence, but maintaining it, which is why it is considered necessary to propose studies aimed at maintaining adherence, as well as offering practical tools for people to make better decisions about their health.

An assessment on the implementation of same day antiretroviral therapy initiation in eThekwini clinics, KwaZulu­Natal, South Africa

The World Health Organization (WHO) recom mends same day initiation (SDI) of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all individuals diagnosed with HIV irrespective of CD4+ count or clinical stage. Implementation of program is still far from reaching its goals. This study assessed the level of implementation of same day ART initiation. A longitudinal study was conducted at four primary healthcare clinics in eThekwini municipality KwaZulu Natal. Data was collected between June 2020 to October 2020 using a data extraction form. Data on individuals tested HIV positive, number of SDI of ART; and clinicians working on UTT program were compiled from clinic registers, and Three Interlinked Electronic Registers.Net (TIER.Net). Non governmental organisations (NGO) supporting the facility and services information was collected. Among the 403 individuals who tested HIV positive, 279 (69.2%) were initiated on ART on the same day of HIV diagnosis from the four facilities. There was a significant association between health facility and number of HIV positive individuals initiated on SDI (chi square=10.59; P value=0.008). There was a significant association between facilities with support from all NGOs and ART SDI (chi square=10.18; P value=0.015. There was a significant association between staff provision in a facility and SDI (chi square=7.51; P value=0.006). Urban areas clinics were more likely to have high uptake of SDI compared to rural clinics (chi square=11,29; P value=0.003). Implementation of the Universal Test and Treat program varies by facility indi cating the need for the government to monitor and standardize implementation of the policy if the program is to yield success.

Adherence to ART drugs among HIV-positive pregnant women at selected hospitals of East Ethiopia

Background: Substance abuse among Human Immune Deficiency Virus-positive patients causes depression, carelessness, and anxiety, which in common results in a decrease in adherence to antiretroviral treatment. The purpose of the study is to assess the prevalence of substance abuse and its association with adherence to ART drugs. Methods: The current study was conducted at three hospitals (Hiwot Fana Comprehensive University Hospital, Dillchora Hospital, and Jugal Hospital) located in East Ethiopia. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association of independent variables with the dependent variables. Results: In this study, 119 HIV-positive pregnant patients were included. While 74.8% of the patients were adherent to their medication, the remaining 25.2% were nonadherent. The major reasons for nonadherence to ART medications prescribed were getting better (73.3%) and finishing medication (16.7%). Moreover, 96 (80.7%) respondents abused alcohol while 36 (30.3%) and 75 (35.6%) abused opioids and cigarette smoking, respectively. Mothers who abused alcohol were 38.1 times more likely to be nonadherent to ART medications for PMTCT [AOR = 38.1% CI: 21.47­56.54] compared to their counterparts. Additionally, mothers who abuse opioids were 19 times more likely to be nonadherent to ART treatment medication [AOR = 19, 95% CI: 2.46­ 19.46] than their counterparts. Furthermore, mothers who smoked cigarettes were 43.1 more likely to be nonadherent [AOR = 43.19, 95% CI: 8.42­187.84] than nonsmokers. Unemployment was also found to be associated with nonadherence to ART medication to PMTCT of HIV [AOR = 5.4, 95% CI: 2.8­5.7]. Smoking of marijuana/cannabis/hashish was not significantly associated with nonadherence to ART [AOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.084­0.355]. Conclusion: Abuse of alcohol, cigarette smoking, abuse of opioids, and joblessness were found to be significantly associated with nonadherence to ART medications prescribed to PMCT of HIV. Wheareas, smoking of marijuana/cannabis/hashish was not significantly associated with nonadherence to ART medications.

Major depressive disorder among patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in a social hygiene clinic: Prevalence, associated factors and effects on quality of life

Objectives@#The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression among patients who received antiretroviral treatment; describe the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with Major Depressive Disorder; as well as compare the quality of life among those with and without the co morbid psychiatric illness.@*Methodology@#A descriptive study was performed at a local hygiene clinic. Sociodemographic and clinical data were gathered, using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) for screening depression and confirmed by Mental Status Exam (MSE). Quality of life assessment was done through WHOQOL-HIV BREF questionnaire.@*Results@#Of the 130 respondents, 31 (23.85%) subjects were assessed to have depression. Among the different sociodemographic and clinical factors, younger age (p value = .0174) was associated with depression. Though the quality of life of a Person Living with HIV (PLHIV) fell in the acceptable category, those who had depression had poorer quality of life in all subdomains especially in the psychological and social domains and these were all highly statistically significant (p value <.0001).@*Conclusion@#The study revealed that Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) was prevalent in almost one fourth (23.85%) of HIV patients who were mostly of a younger age i.e. less than 45 years old; with 90.32 % of the 31 noted to have MDD were less than 35 years old. Patients with concomitant depression had a poorer quality of life not only psychologically but in all subdomains compared to those who were not depressed.

Analysis of pretreatment drug resistance and polymorphic sites in CRF08_BC strains among HIV-1 patients / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance and the genetic polymorphism of CRF08_BC strains among HIV-1 patients in China.Methods:This cross-sectional survey involved the plasma samples of HIV patients in a national pretreatment HIV drug resistance survey conducted in 2018. RNA was extracted from the samples. The fragments containing protease and partial reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) regions were obtained and sequenced. Drug resistance was analyzed using Stanford HIVdb Program. Differences in polymorphic mutations between drug-resistant and non-drug-resistant HIV-1 strains were analyzed by Chi-square test or Fisher′s exact test. The association between drug-resistant and polymorphic mutations was evaluated using CorMut R package. Molecular transmission networks were constructed using HIV-TRACE software. Results:Totally 465 partial pol sequences were obtained from individuals with CRF08_BC infection in 25 provinces and cities. The total pretreatment drug resistance rate was 17.8% (83/465). The pretreatment drug resistance rates to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) were 16.6% (77/465), 1.1% (5/465) and 0.9% (4/465), respectively. The resistance rate to rilpivirine (RPV) was the highest (15.7%, 73/465). The most common mutation was E138A (11.6%, 54/465). There were six polymorphic mutations (S162C, K102Q, T200A, V179E, I202V, T200M) that co-variated with E138A. The molecular transmission network showed that patients infected with CRF08_BC strains carrying the resistant mutations at position E138 mainly gathered in clusters in Yunnan and Sichuan, and the highest degree of connection was in Lincang, Yunnan. Conclusions:In China, HIV-1 CRF08_BC-infected patients showed a high rate of pretreatment resistance to one of the second-generation NNRTIs, namely RPV. Further researches were warranted to evaluate the impacts of co-mutations of the E138A mutation and polymorphic sites on HIV resistance and replicative capacity.

Factores de riesgo en el desarrollo de la lipodistrofia asociada al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana / Risk factors in the development of human immunodeficiency virus associated-lipodystrophy

Introducción: La lipodistrofia asociada al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana es un importante factor de riesgo cardiovascular, que se presenta entre el 10 y el 80 % de los casos, atenta contra la calidad de vida y disminuye la adherencia terapéutica. Resulta de gran interés su prevención y tratamiento. Objetivo: Describir los factores de riesgo que contribuyen a su desarrollo, sus aspectos fisiopatológicos y el tratamiento. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en inglés y español. Se consultaron las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs, Cochrane Library y Web of Science. La estrategia de búsqueda que se empleó fue: VIH OR sida AND lipodistrofia AND tejido adiposo AND terapia antirretroviral. Información, análisis y síntesis: La lipodistrofia se caracteriza por lipoatrofia de las extremidades, cara y glúteos, lipohipertrofia del área visceral, cervical y dorsocervical, o una combinación de estos. Las proteínas del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana realizan modificaciones en la regulación de genes que provocan inhibición de la diferenciación de los adipocitos y aumento de la apoptosis, a lo que contribuye el estado basal inflamatorio sistémico producido por el mismo virus. Los antirretrovirales desempeñan un papel importante en la génesis de dicha lipodistrofia. Conclusiones: El sexo femenino, la malnutrición y la edad avanzada son algunos de los factores de riesgo más relevantes asociados a la lipodistrofia del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en la cual influyen los efectos propios del virus y la terapia antirretroviral. No existe un tratamiento farmacológico eficaz, solo se contemplan medidas higiénico-dietéticas y la cirugía estética(AU)´

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus associated-lipodystrophy is an important cardiovascular risk factor that develops in 10% to 80% of the cases, impairs quality of life, and reduces adherence to treatment. Its prevention and treatment is of great interest. Objective: To describe the risk factors that contribute to the development, pathophysiological aspects and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus associated-lipodystrophy. Methods: A bibliographic search in English and Spanish was conducted. Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases were consulted. The search strategy used was: HIV OR AIDS AND lipodystrophy AND adipose tissue AND antiretroviral treatment. Information, Analysis and Synthesis: Lipodystrophy is characterized by lipoatrophy of the upper and lower limbs, face and buttocks; lipohypertrophy of the visceral, cervical and dorsocervical areas, or a combination of them. Human immunodeficiency virus proteins make modifications in the gene regulation that inhibits the adipocyte differentiation and increases apoptosis, favored by the systemic inflammatory basal state caused by the virus itself. Antiretrovirals play an important role in the genesis of lipodystrophy. Conclusions: Female sex, malnutrition, and older ages are some of the main risk factors of the human immunodeficiency virus associated-lipodystrophy, which is influenced by the effects of the virus itself and the antiretroviral therapy. An effective drug treatment is not available, only hygienic-dietary measures and aesthetic surgery are considered(AU)

Factores asociados al fracaso terapéutico en personas viviendo con VIH con tratamiento antirretroviral: una revisión panorámica de la literatura / Associated factors of treatment failure in people living with HIV taking antiretroviral treatment: a scooping review

Introducción: Se estima que en 2019 vivían 38 millones de personas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), para quienes es fundamental el tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR); sin embargo, no siempre funciona. El fracaso terapéutico del TAR sucede cuando existe una progresión de la enfermedad en parámetros clínicos, virológicos o inmunológicos con un peor pronóstico. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados al fracaso terapéutico del TAR en personas viviendo con VIH. Métodos: Se siguieron los lineamientos para revisiones sistemáticas de PRISMA-SCR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews), modificados por Tricco y otros. Los artículos sobre el fracaso terapéutico en población adulta en primera línea de TAR se hallaron en PubMed y la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud. Información, análisis y síntesis: La definición de fracaso terapéutico utilizada en ocho artículos corresponde con los criterios de la OMS; el resto emplea el criterio virológico con distintos puntos de corte. Se describen factores asociados con el fracaso terapéutico con significación estadística, agrupados en factores sociodemográficos (sexo, edad, edad inicio del TAR, compartir estatus de VIH, empleo de drogas inyectables y nivel educativo) y factores clínicos (niveles de linfocitos T CD4+ al inicio del TAR, nivel de adherencia, cambio de régimen, estadio de la OMS al inicio del TAR y coinfección por tuberculosis). Conclusiones: Dos factores fundamentales en el fracaso terapéutico son los sociodemográficos y los clínicos que dependen de la accesibilidad al tratamiento, el sistema de salud y las características intrínsecas de los individuos, incluyendo las conductas en relación con su enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: It is estimated that by 2019 there are 38 million people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), for whom antiretroviral treatment is essential. Treatment failure occurs when there is a progression of the disease in clinical, virological, or immunological parameters that lead to a change in treatment and a worse prognosis of the disease. The objective of this panoramic review is to answer the following question: What are the factors associated with the therapeutic failure of antiretroviral treatment in people living with HIV? Methods: A panoramic review was carried out following the guidelines for systematic reviews suggested by PRISMA-SCR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes extension for Scoping Reviews) and modified by Tricco et al. The articles on therapeutic failure in the adult population on the first line of ART were rescued from PubMed and the Virtual Health Library (VHL). The search was limited to a period from 2010 to 2020 and articles whose population was children or pregnant women and articles not available in English or Spanish were excluded. Information, Analysis and Synthesis: The definition of therapeutic failure used corresponds to the WHO criteria in eight articles, while the rest use the virological criterion in variable reference points. Regarding the factors associated with treatment failure, those with statistical significance grouped into sociodemographic factors (sex, age, age of ART onset, shared HIV status, injection drug use, and educational level) and clinical factors (T CD4+ levels are described at the start of ART, level of adherence, change of regimen, WHO stage at the start of ART, and tuberculosis coinfection). Conclusions: Two fundamental factors in therapeutic failure are sociodemographic and clinical, which in turn depend on accessibility to treatment, the health system and intrinsic characteristics of the individuals and the behaviors they adopt in relation to their disease(AU)

Effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy for the first time on HIV/AIDS patients in Jiangyin / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the effect of HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the first time in Jiangyin, and to provide a reference for further improvement of Jiangyin's AIDS antiretroviral treatment. Methods The historical cards and related information in the treatment management database of Jiangyin City's cases who received ART for the first time from 2005 to 2019 were collected and statistically analyzed. The changes in viral load and CD4+ T lymphocytes (CD4 cells) before and after treatment were compared. Results Among 652 patients receiving ART, 507 cases (77.76%) were successful in virological treatment. The median natural change rate of annual average CD4 cell count was 90.8 cells/μL/year (χ2=37.915, P2=10.713, P<0.05; H =10.394, P<0.05) and different baseline CD4 count layers. The results showed that age and baseline CD4 value were the influencing factors of treatment effect. Conclusion Age and baseline CD4 value can affect the effect of ART treatment. The older the age and the lower the baseline CD4 value, the worse the virological efficacy and the recovery effect of CD4 cells. It is suggested that the infected patients should be involved in ART in time, which is conducive to shorten the time of initial treatment and further improve the effect of antiviral treatment.

Maternidade e HIV: continuidade do tratamento e adesão em mulheres após parto / Motherhood and HIV: retention in HIV care and adherence in postpartum women / Maternidad y VIH: continuidad del tratamiento y adherencia en mujeres en el posparto

O estudo examinou fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos e psicossociais que afetam a continuidade do tratamento e a adesão à medicação antirretroviral em mulheres nos primeiros três meses após o parto. Participaram 56 mulheres vivendo com HIV, com idades entre 18 e 43 anos, na sua grande maioria brancas e casadas. Foram utilizadas entrevistas sobre dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, exames laboratoriais e escalas psicológicas. Análises estatísticas revelaram que mais de um terço das participantes (37,5%) descontinuaram o próprio tratamento após o parto. A qualidade de vida e o apoio instrumental podem favorecer a continuidade do tratamento de HIV após o parto, e as condições de trabalho e a situação clínica dessas mulheres pode afetar a adesão após o parto. Tais resultados podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de intervenções que favoreçam a continuidade do tratamento e adesão das mulheres no pós-parto. (AU)

This study examined sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors affecting retention in HIV care and antiretroviral adherence in women during the first three months after delivery. Participants were 56 women living with HIV, aged between 18 and 43 years, mostly white and married. We used interviews about socio-demographic and clinical data, laboratory tests, and psychological scales. Statistical analyses revealed that more than one-third of women (37.5%) discontinued their treatment after delivery. Quality of life and instrumental support may contribute to retention in HIV care after childbirth, and the working conditions and clinical status of these women may affect adherence after childbirth. These findings may contribute to the development of interventions that promote retention in HIV care and adherence during the postpartum period. (AU)

Este estudio examinó los aspectos sociodemográficos, clínicos y psicosociales que afectan la continuidad del tratamiento del VIH y adherencia a los antirretrovirales en las mujeres en los tres meses después del parto. Participaron 56 madres infectadas por VIH, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 43 años. La mayoría eran blancas y estaban casadas. Se utilizaron entrevistas sobre datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, exámenes de laboratorio y escalas psicológicas. Los análisis estadísticos revelaron que más de un tercio de las mujeres (37,5%) interrumpieron su tratamiento después del parto. La calidad de vida y el apoyo instrumental pueden favorecer la continuidad del tratamiento del VIH después del parto, y que las condiciones laborales y la situación clínica de estas mujeres pueden afectar la adherencia después del parto. Estos resultados pueden contribuir al desarrollo de intervenciones para favorecer la continuidad del tratamiento y la adherencia de las mujeres en el posparto. (AU)

Analysis of drug resistance in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who failed antiviral therapy / 中华传染病杂志

Objective:To investigate the drug resistance of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who failed antiviral therapy.Methods:A total of 156 AIDS patients with antiviral therapy failure at the Sixth People′s Hospital of Zhengzhou from October 2017 to December 2018 were selected. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 ViroSeq? genotyping method was used for the detection of HIV resistance, and Stanford University HIV drug resistance database (http: ∥hivdb.stanford.edu/) was used for testing results comparison.Results:Among the 156 AIDS patients with antiviral therapy failure, 122(78.21%) developed drug resistance. One hundred and six (67.95%) cases were multi-resistant to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), among which, 104 (66.67%) were resistant to lamivudine, emtricitabine and abacavir. One hundred and eighteen (75.64%) were resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), and 118 (75.64%) were multi-resistant to efavirenz and nevirapine. And seven (4.49%) were resistant to protease inhibitor (PI). There were 16 resistant sites for NRTI, with 87 (71.31%) most frequent M184V/I mutations. There were 13 resistant sites for NNRTI, with 49 (40.16%) K103N/R mutations. There were 11 resistant sites for PI, with 49 (40.16%) A71V/T mutations. The antiviral drugs lamivudine and emtricitabine were moderately and highly resistant in 102 (83.61%) cases, efavirenz and nevirapine were moderately and highly resistant in 117 (95.90%) cases. Once drug resistance developed, these drugs were likely to be moderate or high resistance. There were 29 (23.77%), 48 (39.34%), and five (4.10%) cases were resistant to zidovudine, tenofovir and lopinavir/ritonavir, respectively. The resistance barrier of these drugs was relatively high.Conclusion:The incidence of drug resistance in patients with AIDS treatment failure is high, and multi-drug resistance is serious with various sites of drug resistance.

Consenso de la infección por VIH en embarazadas, niños, adolescentes

La infección por VIH sigue impactando de manera significativa a embarazadas, niños y adolescentes. En las embarazadas, es necesario hacer la prueba de VIH en la primera consulta prenatal o al primer contacto con el sistema de salud, y luego repetir en el tercer trimestre, preferiblemente antes de las 36 semanas de gestación, en caso de que el resultado sea negativo inicialmente; mientras que el diagnóstico en pediatría se basa en la realización de pruebas virológicas (PCR DNA o RNA) en niños menores de 18 meses y de pruebas serológicas en mayores de 18 meses, con seguimientos periódicos a fin de evaluar la evolución clínica, adherencia y posible toxicidad medicamentosa. En ambas poblaciones, es necesario considerar, previo al inicio del TARV la realización del test de resistencia a fin de orientar la terapéutica, con posteriores controles de carga viral plasmática (CVP) y contaje de linfocitos T CD4. La utilización del TARV implica resaltar un objetivo epidemiológico, pues su uso se asocia con riesgo menor de transmisión maternoinfantil. En este consenso se busca disponer de recomendaciones en relación con el diagnóstico y TARV de embarazadas, niños y adolescentes con infección por VIH, las cuales puedan servir de orientación al clínico especialista en el área, dada la complejidad y avances constantes en la investigación de las distintas familias de antirretrovirales, así como su eficacia, toxicidad, interacciones medicamentosas, aparición de resistencias, tropismo y al adecuado manejo en diversas situaciones especiales.

HIV infection continues to significantly impact pregnant women, children and adolescents. In pregnant women, it is necessary to do the HIV test at the first prenatal visit or at the first contact with the health system, and then repeat in the third trimester, preferably before 36 weeks of gestation, in case the result is negative. initially; while the diagnosis in pediatrics is based on the performance of virological tests (DNA or RNA PCR) in children younger than 18 months and serological tests in those older than 18 months, with periodic follow-ups in order to evaluate the clinical evolution, adherence and possible drug toxicity. In both populations, it is necessary to consider, prior to the start of ART, the performance of the resistance test in order to guide therapy, with subsequent controls of plasma viral load (CVP) and CD4 T lymphocyte count. The use of ART implies highlighting an epidemiological objective, since its use is associated with a lower risk of mother-to-child transmission. This consensus seeks to have recommendations in relation to the diagnosis and ART of pregnant women, children and adolescents with HIV infection, which can serve as guidance to the clinical specialist in the area, given the complexity and constant advances in the investigation of the different families of antiretrovirals, as well as their efficacy, toxicity, drug interactions, emergence of resistance, tropism and proper management in various special situations.

Consenso de la infección por VIH en adultos

La infección por el VIH, es un problema de salud pública mundial. Los conocimientos en relación con el virus, su historia natural, diagnóstico y enfermedades asociadas está en constante evolución, tanto como el tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV). En Venezuela, según datos reportados por ONUsida, para el año 2019, existían 110 000 personas que vivían con VIH entre adultos y niños, con una prevalencia del 0,6 % y una tasa de 0,33 por 1 000 habitantes, en las personas con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 49 años. Desafortunadamente estos datos demuestran que Venezuela no pudo alcanzar las metas de 90-90-90 promovidas por ONUSida para el año 2020, poniendo en evidencia, unas 5 200 nuevas infecciones en 2019, de las cuales 4 700 correspondían a mayores de 15 años, por lo que afianzar el conocimiento de la epidemia, de sus mecanismos de transmisión y prevención es vital. La utilización del TARV implica resaltar su objetivo epidemiológico, pues su uso se asocia con menor riesgo de transmisión y reducción de nuevas infecciones, por lo que se recomienda su inicio lo más temprano posible, independientemente del contaje de linfocitos T CD4 y CVP en todos los pacientes con infección por VIH. Resulta necesario disponer de recomendaciones actualizadas en relación con el TARV, que sirvan de orientación al clínico especialista en el área, dada la complejidad y constantes avances en la investigación de las distintas familias de antirretrovirales, así como su eficacia, toxicidad, interacciones medicamentosas, aparición de resistencias, tropismo y al adecuado manejo en diversas situaciones especiales. Este consenso busca brindar una orientación general en algunos aspectos de importancia del VIH y el sida así como de su diagnóstico y tratamiento.

HIV infection is a global public health problem. Knowledge in relation to the virus, its natural history, diagnosis and associated diseases is constantly evolving, as is antiretroviral therapy (ART). In Venezuela, according to data reported by UNAIDS, for the year 2019, there were 110 000 people living with HIV among adults and children, with a prevalence of 0.6 % and a rate of 0.33 per 1 000 inhabitants, in people with ages between 15 and 49 years. Unfortunately, these data show that Venezuela could not reach the goals of 90-90-90 promoted by UNAIDS for the year 2020, highlighting some 5 200 new infections in 2019, of which 4 700 corresponded to those over 15 years of age, so consolidating knowledge of the epidemic, its transmission and prevention mechanisms is vital. The use of ART implies highlighting its epidemiological objective, since its use is associated with a lower risk of transmission and reduction of new infections, so it is recommended to start it as early as possible, regardless of the CD4 and CVP T lymphocyte count in all HIVinfected patients. It is necessary to have up-to-date recommendations in relation to ART, which serve as guidance to the specialist clinician in the area, given the complexity and constant advances in research of the different families of antiretrovirals, as well as their efficacy, toxicity, drug interactions, appearance of resistance, tropism and proper handling in various special situations. This consensus seeks to provide general guidance on some important aspects of HIV and AIDS, as well as their diagnosis and treatment.

Factors Associated with Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among People Living with HIV Infection in West Java Province, Indonesia

@# Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has proved beneficial by decreasing mortality and increasing the quality of life of people living with HIV infection (PLWH). However, long time medication requires good adherence and strong commitment from the patients so that they take ART medication on time to achieve long-term viral suppression. This study aims to examine the level of adherence to ART and its associated factors among PLWH. Methods: A cross-sectional design was conducted at three HIV clinics in West Java Province, Indonesia. People diagnosed with HIV, aged over 18 years old, who had undertaken antiretroviral treatment for at least six months were recruited for this study. Adherence to ART was measured using self-reported measurement and a visual analogue scale (VAS). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses. Results: There were 122 PLWH purposively recruited from three HIV- Clinics in West Java Province, Indonesia. The results showed that above half of the respondents showed good adherence to ART. Adherence was significantly associated with depression and perceived stigma. Stigma was found to be an independent predictor of adherence to ART. Conclusions: Routine assessment of adherence in clinical practice is essential to identify people at risk of treatment failure. This is crucial to an effective strategy aimed at promoting zero stigma in Indonesia.

Variables psicosociales predictoras de la no adherencia a los antirretrovirales en personas con VIH-SIDA / Predictive Psychosocial Variables of Non-Adherence to Antiretrovirals in People with HIV-AIDS

Resumen Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los niveles de adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral, así como determinar los factores psicológicos predictores de la no adherencia a dicho tratamiento en pacientes con VIH-SIDA. Método: Diseño descriptivo, transversal y correlacional. La muestra estuvo conformada por 25 personas diagnosticadas con VIH-SIDA que asistieron a los servicios integrales de una asociación civil en la ciudad de Guadalajara, México, y que se encontraban bajo tratamiento antirretroviral. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de adherencia al tratamiento para el VIH-SIDA [CAT-VIH] y el Cuestionario de Factores Relacionados con la Adherencia al Tratamiento para el VIH/SIDA (CFR-AT VIH). Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y no paramétricos para la comparación de las variables de estudio, así como sus respectivas correlaciones. Resultados: Solo 60% de los evaluados presentan una adecuada adherencia al tratamiento con antirretrovirales; además se encontraron diferencias significativas entre adherentes y no adherentes en las variables de autoeficacia (Z=-3.196; p=.001); estrés (Z=-2.033; p=.042); y depresión (Z=-2.409; p=.016). Se obtuvieron correlaciones positivas de la adherencia con autoeficacia (r=.750; p=.000) y apoyo social (r=.462; p=.020) y correlaciones negativas con estrés (r=-.543; p=.005) y depresión (r=-.544; p=.005). Conclusiones: A mayores estados de estrés y depresión, menor serán los niveles de adherencia al tratamiento con antirretrovirales; por lo cual estas variables deben ser tomadas en cuenta para el diseño de estrategias de mejora de la adherencia en personas con VIH-SIDA.

Abstract Objective: Objective: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of adherence to antiretrovirals treatment as well as to determine the psychological factors that predict the non-adherence to antiretrovirals in HIV patients who attend a civil association in Guadalajara, México. Method: It was a descriptive, transversal and correlational design. The sample consisted of 25 patients diagnosed with HIV who attended integral services of a Civil Association. The Adherence to Treatment for HIV/AIDS Questionnaire [CAT-HIV] and the Questionnaire of Factors Related to Adherence to Treatment for HIV/AIDS (CFR-AT HIV) were used. Descriptive and nonparametric analyzes were carried out to compare the study variables, as well as their respective correlations, all through the statistical program SPSS v.20. Results: Only 60% of those evaluated showed adequate adherence to antiretrovirals; in addition, significance differences between adherents and non-adherents in the self-efficacy variable (Z = -3.196, p = .001); stress (Z = -2.033, p = .042); and depression (Z = -2.409, p = .016). Positive correlations of adherence were obtained with self-efficacy (r = .750, p = .000) and social support (r = .462, p = .020) and negative correlations with stress (r = - .543; p = .005) and depression (r = -. 544; p = .005). Conclusions: The higher levels of stress and depression, the lower the levels of adherence to antiretroviral treatment; therefore, these variables must be considered in the design of strategies to improve adherence in people with HIV.

Implications of the human immunodeficiency virus test and treat strategy on antiretroviral treatment uptake and retention outcomes in Cameroon

Background: Success of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test-and-treat (T&T) strategy requires high antiretroviral (ART) uptake and retention. However, low ART uptake and retention continue to be reported in ART programs. This study assessed ART uptake and retention outcomes of the HIV T&T strategy in three HIV clinics in Cameroon.Methods: A retrospective chart review was done for 423 patients who initiated HIV care within a period of three months prior to the implementation of the HIV T&T strategy, and for another 423 patients who initiated HIV care within a three-month period following the HIV T&T strategy implementation. For each group, sociodemographic, ART uptake and retention data were collected. Chi square and Student T tests were used to test for differences proportions and means between the two groups at p <0.05 and 95% confidence interval.Results: The mean ages (years) in the pre-T&T and the T&T groups were 39.73 and 39.72, and the proportion of female were 65.85% and 65.08% respectively. ART uptake proportion was higher amongst those enrolled under the T&T strategy (98.08% vs 95.39%, p=0.02). A greater proportion of the patients in the T&T group initiated ART within 2 weeks following HIV diagnosis (55.84% vs 48.17%, p=0.03). However, ART retention at 24th month was lower in the T&T group (78.83% vs. 85.79%, p=0.01).Conclusions: The findings suggest that the T&T strategy is associated with higher ART uptake, earlier ART initiation, and lower ART retention. This underscores a need for strategies to improve ART retention under the HIV T&T guidelines.

Survival analysis of AIDS patients after antiretroviral treatment in Shandong province during 2003 to 2017 / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Objective@#To understand the survival status of AIDS patients after initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Shandong province during 2003 to 2017, and to determine the factors associated with survival status.@*Methods@#A retrospective cohort study was conducted among AIDS patients initially received antiretroviral therapy from 2003 to 2017. The epidemiological characteristics of the subjects were described, and life tables were used to estimate the survival rates, the influencing factors were analyzed by Cox regression model.@*Results@#A total of 9 813 cases were enrolled in this study, of the subjects, the median age was 34.9±11.0 years. The median of baseline CD4+ T lymphocyte count was 300.0(P25-P75: 163.0, 428.0)cells/μl, and 83.2% of them were at clinical stage Ⅰ (World Health Organization, WHO). The cumulative survival rates were 97.7%, 96.7%, 95.8% and 93.7%, 1, 3, 5, and 10 years after the initiation of ART respectively. Multivariate Cox regression model analysis showed that the risk of the mortality among those infected through homosexual behavior was 38% lower than that of patients infected via blood or other routes, and HR was 0.62 (95%CI: 0.43-0.89). Higher education level had lower mortality risk(the mortality risk of those with university degree or above was lower, compared to those with primary and lower cultural level, HR=0.41, 95%CI: 0.26-0.65). At baseline, AIDS patients at clinical stage Ⅰ(WHO) had lower mortality risk than those who were at clinical stageⅡ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ(WHO). Lower baseline CD4+ T lymphocyte count had higher mortality risk.@*Conclusions@#Survival rate was higher after initial antiretroviral therapy among AIDS patients in Shandong province. CD4+ T lymphocyte count level, WHO clinical stage, and presence or absence of clinical symptoms at baseline are the main factors influencing the survival time of AIDS patients after ART.

Risks and predictors of mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Yunnan Province / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To investigate the influence factors of mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Methods Retrospective cohort study of 652 children initiated HAART from 2005 to 2014 was conducted,and enrolled patients were followed-up until December,2015.Survival data was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model was used to identify independent predictors of mortality among these children on HARRT.Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used for comparison between groups.Results Overall,26 of the children died over a follow-up period of 3 116.24 child-years,with a mortality rate of 0.83 per 100 child-years.Twelve (46％)of deaths occurred during the first six months after starting HAART.Cox regression analysis of variables showed that the World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stages Ⅲ/Ⅳ (hazard rate [HR] =10.717,95％confidence interal [95％ CI]:4.189-4.749,P =0.000),baseline hemoglobin ＜ 80 g/L (HR =14.768,95 ％ CI:5.721-38.125,P =0.000),tuberculosis co-infection (HR =4.794,95％ CI:2.105-10.918,P =0.000),baseline CD4+T lymphocyte ＜ 50 cells/μL (HR =4.219,95％ CI:1.524-11.680,P =0.006),weight-for-age z-score ＜-2 (HR =2.983,95 ％ CI:1.094-8.135,P =0.033) were independently associated with death,whereas the age ＜ 7 year-old at HAART initiation was protectire (HR =0.293,95％ CI:0.126-0.684,P =0.005).Conclusions The mortality of children receiving HAART is strongly associated with WHO stages Ⅲ/Ⅳ,hemoglobin ＜ 80 g/L,weight-for-age z-score ＜-2,tuberculosis co-infection and older age at treatment.

Enfermedades reumáticas y complicaciones metabólicas en pacientes con VIH-SIDA con tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficiencia / Rheumatic Diseases and Metabolic Complications in HIV/AIDS Patients with Highly Efficient Antiretroviral Treatment

Introducción: La infección por VIH/SIDA constituye uno de los principales problemas de salud en el mundo con elevadas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad demostradas. En diferentes estudios epidemiológicos ha quedado confirmado que 36,3 millones de personas vivían con el VIH hasta el año 2015 en todo el mundo. Hasta este momento 78 millones han sido infectados desde 1981, año en que comenzó la epidemia, y el 25 por ciento de los pacientes desconocen que están infectados, lo cual propicia el contagio. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica relacionada con la infección por el VIH/SIDA, sus complicaciones en las enfermedades reumáticas y metabólicas y su respuesta al tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficiencia. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos nacionales e internacionales y en diferentes fuentes de información para recuperar los artículos relacionados con el tema sobre el VIH-SIDA, las complicaciones reumáticas y metabólicas y su respuesta al tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficiencia, tema escogido para este trabajo. Resultados: Se recuperaron 78 artículos y nueve textos que trataban temas relacionados con la infección por VIH-SIDA; de ellos fueron útiles para nuestros objetivos 55 documentos que forman parte de nuestras referencias bibliográficas, los cuales agrupamos de acuerdo con los diferentes temas planteados para este estudio y se llegó a conclusiones útiles para nuestra comunidad científica. Conclusiones: Las enfermedades reumáticas y autoinmunes han sido diagnosticadas con mucha frecuencia en los pacientes infectados con el VIH-SIDA en Cuba y en el mundo antes del tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficiencia, mediante el cual ha aumentado la expectativa de supervivencia de estos enfermos y disminuido la aparición de síntomas clínicos y afecciones, así como infecciones oportunistas, después de su inclusión en el enfoque terapéutico(AU)

Introduction: HIV/AIDS infection is one of the main health problems worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality. Different epidemiological studies have confirmed that 36.3 million people worldwide were living with HIV until 2015. So far, 78 million have been infected since 1981, the year in which the epidemic began, and 25 percent of patients do not know they are infected, which spreads infection. Objective: To carry out a literature review about HIV/AIDS infection, its complications in rheumatic metabolic manifestations, and its response to highly efficient antiretroviral treatment. Method: A literature search was carried out in the databases PudMed/MEDLINE, Cumed and Lilac, as well as in the regional information sources SciELO and ScienceDirect, using the key phrases manifestaciones reumáticas y VIH-SIDA [rheumatic manifestations and HIV-AIDS], complicaciones metabólicas y VIH-SIDA [metabolic complications and HIV-AIDS], tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficiencia y VIH-SIDA [high-efficiency antiretroviral treatment and HIV-AIDS], in order to recover the articles about HIV-AIDS and rheumatic and metabolic complications and their response to highly efficient antiretroviral treatment. Results: 78 articles and nine texts dealing about the aforementioned topics were recovered; of them, 55 documents that are part of our bibliographical references were useful for our purposes, which were grouped according to the different topics proposed for this study. We reached useful conclusions for our scientific community. Conclusions: Rheumatic and autoimmune diseases have been diagnosed very frequently in patients infected with HIV/AIDS in Cuba and worldwide during the era prior to highly efficient antiretroviral treatment. Its incorporation into the therapeutic approach has increased the survival expectations of these patients, in addition to the substantial decrease in the appearance of clinical symptoms and conditions, especially the inflammatory arthritic conditions, seronegative spondyloarthropathies, psoriasis and opportunistic infections(AU)

Consenso de VIH-3: adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral y consideraciones en situaciones especiales

Consenso acerca de la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en situaciones especiales

Consensus about the antiretroviral treatment adherence in special situations

Evaluation of adverse drug reactions of first line antiretroviral drugs in a tertiary care centre of Telangana, India

Background: The introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a significant reduction in AIDS related morbidity and mortality. Most of the adverse drug reactions are preventable. So continuous evaluation will benefit Antiretroviral treatment that helped to achieve ultimate goal of making treatment safer and more effective to patients. The present study was designed to monitor and analyse the incidence, type and nature of adverse events to first line Antiretroviral drugs.Methods: A cross sectional observational study was conducted at Antiretroviral treatment center of Gandhi Hospital, Secunderabd, Telangana. The study was conducted over a period of 6 months involving all HIV patients. After initiation of 1st line regimen- tenofovir 300mg + lamivudine 300mg + efavirenz 600mg (TLE), patients were followed for any adverse event. Descriptive statistics was used for analysis of data.Results: Out of 453 studied, 47 patients developed adverse events. A total of 79 adverse events were reported. The assessment of total adverse drug reaction profile revealed cutaneous 44.30%, hematological 40.50%, renal 11.39%, gastrointestinal 3.79%. WHO-UMC causality assessment scale showed 76.5% and 23.4% Adverse events as probable and possible respectively. Hartwig and Siegel severity scale revealed 93.6%, 2.1% and 4.3% as mild, moderate and severe cases respectively.Conclusions: The TLE regimen found with lower adverse events in this study. The study focuses the importance of active adverse event monitoring to detect early toxicities and to support safe use of anti-retroviral treatment.